3te 
ADDRESS, 

DELIVERED BEFORE 
THE 

WORCESTER AGRICULTURAL 
SOCIETY, 

OCTOBER 12, 1820, 

BEING THEIR 

Anniversary Cattle Show and Exhi- 
bition of Manufactures. 



BY HON. LEWIS BIGELOW. 



PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES*, 



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IBoreejrter: 

Printed by manning & trumbull feb. 1821. 



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ADDRESS. 



1 HE particular objects which have fur- 
nished the occasion of the transactions of this clay, 
and which now present themselves to the attention 
and consideration of this assembly, may claim a 
competition, as to utility and importance, with any 
other that has ever exercised the physical or mental 
energies of man. Whether we regard the profes- 
sion of agriculture for its antiquity, as the great and 
almost only source of human sustenance, or for its 
moral and social advantages, the subject is entitled 
to a preeminent rank among the pursuits of a civil- 
ized and enlightened people, and will command for 
its votaries the most exalted respect and veneration. 
It is coeval with the divine sentence, which pro- 
claimed to our first parents the necessity of manu- 
al labour as the means of supporting life — a neces- 
sity which was instituted not only as a punishment 
for their disobedience, but was designed, in the 
wisdom and mercy of Divine Providence, as an in- 
citement to attain that intellectual and moral excel- 
lence, which should compensate, in some measure, 
for the loss of an earthly paradise. It was ordained 



for the purpose of disciplining that temper and dis* 
position, which had become prone to evil works, of 
counteracting the power of sloth and sensuality, and 
preparing man for his redemption from the thral- 
dom of sin, and for his restoration to a state of vir- 
tue and happiness. 

By abusing the bounties of Heaven, and disre- 
garding the commands of his Creator, man had 
forfeited his life. He was sent forth from the garden 
of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was 
taken, which was cursed for his sake ; and his pos- 
terity, to the lastest generation, are obliged to 
contend with thorns and thistles in procuring the 
fruit of the tree and the herb of the field. Not- 
withstanding the sentence denounced against man 
for his disobedience has been thus executed; al- 
though he is compelled to earn his bread by the 
sweat of his brow, and to eat his food in sorrow ; 
yet he is not left without the means of fulfilling the 
great purposes of his creation, and of retrieving 
his lost estate. He is promised a seed-time and 
harvest, which shall never cease while the earth 
remains, and by which he may satisfy all his rea- 
sonable wants, if he will hearken to the voice of 
nature, and direct his powers to objects, and reg- 
ulate them in the manner dictated by the light of 
reason. And still greater hopes and consolations 
await him, if he will obey the voice of Him, who 
prepared and taught the way to escape from the 
heavier punishment of sin. 

Through the mercy and benevolence of Divine 
Providence, the earth has hitherto brought forth 
grass, the herb yielding seed and the tree bearing 



3U 



fruit abundantly sufficient to reward the labour be- 
stowed upon it by the husbandman ; and he has the 
assurance that he shall not toil in vain, nor his hon- 
est industry be repaid with poverty and emptiness. 
The laws which nature has established for regulat- 
ing the economy of the vegetable kingdom, will ap- 
portion the harvest to a judicious expense of means 
employed in obtaining it. It is thus that individu- 
als and nations, by directing their attention to those 
pursuits to which they are so encouragingly invited, 
may not only obtain all the necessaries of life, but 
may supply themselves with every comfort and lux- 
ury of food and of raiment which can please the 
sense, or gladden the heart of man. 

Whatever may be the prevailing genius and hab- 
its of a people, or the particular character of their 
pursuits, it is the cultivation of the soil which is the 
great source and basis of national wealth, power and 
grandeur. For in what consists the real wealth of 
a nation, unless it be in the ability and means of 
supporting a greater number of the human species 
than those who compose it? What can be more effi- 
cient to that support than the products of the soil ? 
And how shall the power and grandeur of a nation 
be measured, unless by its wealth and population ? 

It is true there are other sources of subsistence 
resorted to by a portion of mankind, who, like the 
wild beasts of the forest, scarcely direct their 
thoughts to any higher enjoyment, or to the attain- 
ment of any other object, than a supply of their 
present wants and the gratification of their animal 
appetites. But no people, which have made any 
advances in the arts and refinements of civilization, 



will ever place any considerable dependence upon 
sources so precarious and so inadequate to the sup- 
port of a condensed population. The employments 
of hunting and fishing may serve to sustain animal 
life in a people diffusely scattered over a large extent 
of territory ; but are totally incompatible with that 
improvement and cultivation of the mind and of the 
social affections, which, more than any thing else, 
distinguish man from the brute, and lead to the 
highest enjoyments of which human nature is 
capable. 

It is because any given amount of labour, when 
directed to the cultivation of the soil, will furnish 
sustenance for a greater number of human beings 
than it would if employed in any other manner, that 
those nations who devote the most attention to Ag- 
riculture possess the greatest advantages and op- 
portunities for improvement in other arts and sci- 
ences. Hence it is, that where we now behold the 
most splendid monuments of human genius, their 
production has always been preceded and aided by 
a considerable acquaintance with rural economy. 

Although mankind have been employed in tilling 
the earth from an earlier period, and in greater 
numbers, than in any other profession or business, it 
is a remarkable fact, that the subject has derived less 
aid from the light of science than many others of 
inferiour importance. While the powers of the 
mind have been exerted to their utmost extent in 
making improvements in the art of war — while the 
resources of human ingenuity are, perhaps, exhaust- 
ed, in contriving the means and implements of de- 
struction--the art of Agriculture, from which the 



3?e 



most valuable temporal blessings are derived, has 
been suffered to remain, until a comparatively recent 
date, in its original rudeness ; and, like the religion 
which teaches the way to avoid the moral conse- 
quences of the curse that rendered the cultivation 
of the soil necessary to our existence and happiness, 
has maintained its influence by its intrinsick excel- 
lence. 

An investigation into the causes of this peculiari- 
ty of habit might gratify a speculative curiosity, but 
can be no farther profitable than as it might enable 
us to apply a remedy to an existing evil. To sup- 
pose that the mind finds more powerful incentives 
to exertion and activity in those projects which have 
their origin in the malignant and wicked passions of 
man, than in those which proceed from the benev- 
olent affections of the human heart, would by no 
means be honourable to our nature ; vet if " the 
imagination of man's heart be evil from his youth," 
the hypothesis would not be destitute of probabili- 
ty. Other causes, also, may have contributed to 
produce the same effect. So long as the earth would 
yield a competent supply of food for its inhabitants, 
without any increased exertions of theirs, a supera- 
bundance might not present inducements sufficient 
to counteract their natural love of repose. Neces- 
sity, which is significantly called the mother of in- 
vention, may not have been prolifick enough to ad- 
vance the art of Agriculture to that perfection which 
it will probably attain at no distant period. Anoth- 
er cause of this inattention to an important subject 
may be found in the circumstance, that those who are 
practically engaged in rural pursuits, and take the 



8 

deepest interest in their success, have no time to 
devote to philosophical inquiries into cause and ef- 
fect, and the various principles upon which depends 
the growth of different plants. 

No opinion has ever prevailed, which the present 
enlightened age will more certainly pronounce to be 
founded in ignorance and errour, than that the prin- 
ciples of rural economy are so simple and so easily 
understood, and have so little connexion with other 
subjects, as to reject the extraneous aids of physiol- 
ogy ; and it is this vulgar prejudice, which, disdain- 
ing to seek or receive instruction, has co-operated, 
with the other causes already enumerated, to check 
the progress of improvement in this branch of 
industry. 

Considering the great variety of soil, climate and 
situation, in connexion with the various characters 
and constitutions of different plants, and the pecu- 
liar adaptation of one to another ; considering also 
the many diseases to which the vegetable tribe is 
liable, and for which remedies are to be administer- 
ed ; and that the same culture and treatment is sel- 
dom applicable to different species of plants ; it 
must be perfectly obvious to every reflecting mind, 
that few subjects are more complicated in their prin- 
ciples than Agriculture, or require a greater variety 
of knowledge to raise it to the standard of perfec- 
tion. It builds its superstructure upon a knowl- 
edge of natural philosophy, mineralogy, geology, 
botany, and chemistry. Almost the whole circle of 
the sciences are embraced within its sphere, and 
even the mechanick arts are subservient to its 
purposes. 



39S 



It is not to be expected that beings of our limit- 
ed capacities can ever acquire such an intimate ac- 
quaintance with the laws of nature as to understand 
the mysterious manner of their operation ; to trace 
effects to their immediate causes ; point out their 
connexion and dependence in all their minute de- 
tails ; and unfold the intricacies in which Infinite 
Wisdom has seen fit to envelop the works of crea- 
tion. Nor is it necessary, in order to accomplish 
the important objects of improvement in the art to 
which our attention is now directed, that we should 
aspire to such abstruse and extensive knowledge. It 
is sufficient for us to understand the means by which 
particular effects are produced, and what are the 
natural and probable consequences of the applica- 
tion of specifick agents to specifick objects. With- 
out inquiring into the secret causes of vegetation, 
or understanding from whence plants derive their 
nutriment, how it is prepared, or how imbibed, 
how the functions of the plant are performed, and 
what sets its organs in motion, the essential proper- 
ties of different soils, in relation to their effects up- 
on different seeds, may be sufficiently known from 
their practical results. It may also be remarked, by 
way of analogy, that this is the only method by 
which the properties of any medicine can be ascer- 
tained, and by which its peculiar efficacy in eradi- 
cating disease can be tested. All the knowledge we 
can ever hope to acquire on these subjects must re- 
suit from experimental philosophy ; and all we can ac- 
complish in practice is to use the means, which God 
has placed in our hands, in the manner dictated by 



10 

experience. Still, to pursue the analogy, the phy- 
sician may administer his medicine with all the skill 
and judgment which can result from human wis- 
dom and experience ; but, without the blessing of 
Heaven, its virtues will remain inert, and human 
effort become impotent. The husbandman, also, 
may till the ground, he may plant and he may wa- 
ter, and nurse his growing crops with the most as- 
siduous care, and cherish them with the most un- 
remitting attention ; but God only can give the in- 
increase. If He withholds from the tender plant 
the sun's genial rays, visits it with disease or nox- 
ious insects, or sweeps the earth with violent winds, 
it will languish in defiance of human means to pre- 
serve it, and perish without yielding its fruit. 

But these considerations ought not to produce 
any relaxation in our exertions to promote the 
growth and improvement of vegetable food ; for 
much may be accomplished by artificial means ; and 
as the spontaneous productions of the earth will not 
suffice for the wants of its inhabitants, much is re- 
quired from the labour of man. It has been re- 
served for the enlightened policy of the present age 
to redeem the profession of Agriculture from the 
despotism of bigotry and ignorance, to nurture it 
with the benign influence of science, and to cheer 
it with the liberal patronage of publick spirit and 
dignified affluence. The measures recently adopted 
in Europe and America, by States and by individu- 
als, have already removed the film which obscured 
the eye of prejudice ; and the consentaneous exer- 
tions of the wise and munificent, in both countries, 
have prepared a foundation for one of the most use- 



11 

ful and splendid fabricks that ever adorned the civ- 
ilized world. The great and lasting benefits which 
will perpetually flow to mankind from the establish- 
ment of a Board of Agriculture in England, an in- 
stitution which owes its origin to the persevering 
efforts of a few patriotick individuals, will enroll 
the names of its founders among the greatest bene- 
factors of their country, and emblazon them with 
its prosperity and grandeur. The laudable exam- 
ple of these men has not been disregarded here ; and 
although we can boast no National Institution for the 
improvement of rural economy, many of the State 
governments have extended a liberal patronage to 
the art — and this legislative encouragement, co-op- 
erating with the enterprize and munificence of in- 
dividuals, has brought into existence a multitude 
of associations which have already given assurance 
of their vast utility in advancing the interests of 
Agriculture. These societies are constantly collect- 
ing information upon agricultural subjects, and dif- 
fusing it among the people — they excite a spirit of 
inquiry and emulation among practical formers by 
publick exhibitions, and encourage useful experi- 
ments by a distribution of premiums. Thus they 
infuse light, and life, and vigour, and health into 
the most important and profitable members of the 
body politick. They are fountains from which will 
issue streams to fertilize and enrich the country, and 
by their genial influence " the wilderness and the 
solitary place will be made glad, and the desert will 
rejoice and blossom as the rose." 

If there be any so sceptical as to doubt the ben- 
efits resulting from these institutions, he need not 



12 

search for evidence to dissipate his doubts beyond 
the confines of the County of Worcester. Let him 
point out the causes of that proud spirit of industry 
and enterprize, which now so strikingly prevails 
among our farmers — let him explain why that am- 
bition to excel in rural pursuits, and that zeal and 
devotion in the profession, which he now observes, 
have never been awakened until since the organiza- 
of this Society, and the commencement of its op- 
erations. If this great work has been accomplish- 
ed, by an association of a few individuals, in little 
more than a year, it is but an earnest of still great- 
er achievements hereafter. The force of publick 
opinion, and a developement of our strength and 
resources, have given an impulse to the progress 
of agricultural improvement in this county, which 
cannot fail to terminate in the highest prosperity. 

The patronage which the interests of Agriculture 
receive from the publick is like good seed sown in 
good ground. It repays the deed with a plentiful 
harvest of "fruit after its kind" — it increases the 
ability of the cultivator to sustain the burdens of 
government— it opens and expands his heart with 
thankfulness and gratitude, and induces to liberal 
actions and a reciprocation of benefits. The boun- 
ty thus bestowed, is conveyed back to the publick 
coffers, with cheerfulness and alacrity, in the same 
channels through which it was originally received ; 
and, by its kindly influence, serves to enrich both 
the patron and the objects of protection. 

These remarks are not made with a design to in- 
culcate the doctrine, that they have an exclusive ap- 
plication to agricultural pursuits, although it may be 



13 

assumed as an axiom, sanctioned by universal expe- 
rience, that this branch of industry is entitled to the 
first and highest attention, as being the basis and 
support of every other. The policy, however, of 
encouraging any particular species of enterprize, by 
publick bounties, depends upon considerations 
which are so numerous in themselves, and so com- 
plicated in their details, that it would ill comport 
with the present occasion to attempt to discuss them 
with minuteness. Nor would it become the author 
of an occasional Address before a Society which 
embraces within the scope of its policy the encour- 
agement of manufacturing as well as agricultural 
enterprize, to contend that either is entitled to pat- 
ronage to the entire exclusion of the other. Their 
comparative merits are, perhaps, sufficiently under- 
stood by the people to give that direction to indus- 
try which will be the most conducive to the inter- 
ests of the whole. The subject has already em- 
ployed the pens of the most enlightened statesmen 
of this country ; and, as it will receive the attention 
of the united wisdom of our National Councils, we 
ought to have such confidence in the integrity of our 
publick servants, as to feel an assurance that the 
measures they shall adopt in relation to it will sub- 
serve the general good. 

Nevertheless, it is of the very essence of our free 
government that the people should exercise the 
right of inquiring and judging for themselves as- 
to all questions of publick interest. Without per- 
plexing the mind with the abstruse argumentations 
and refined subtilties of theoretick politicians, there 
are certain obvious and acknowledged truths, which 



H 

every plain practical man, of common understand- 
ing, will find but little difficulty in applying to the 
prominent subjects of political economy, and, by 
this simple and easy process, he will rarely fail of 
arriving at accurate results. It is inseparable from 
the nature and disposition of man that individual 
enterprize should find its way to that species of em- 
ployment which is the most lucrative ; and thus pri- 
vate interest will seldom err in designating those arts 
to which the fostering aid of government may be 
safely and profitably extended. It is also true that 
the particular cases in which any branch of labour 
may be beneficially encouraged by premiums, boun- 
ties or protecting duties, depend upon their effect, 
when thus aided, upon other branches. If these 
forcing expedients should render another branch of 
industry less productive than when all were left free, 
and the increased product of the favoured profession 
should be insufficient to compensate for the conse- 
quent deficiency in another, it must be perfectly ob- 
vious, independent of other considerations, that such 
policy would not promote the national interest.— 
The leading principle, therefore, by which wise and 
faithful legislators will be directed, in enacting laws 
for the regulation of industry, is to adopt such meas- 
ures as will have a tendency to increase the aggre- 
gate wealth of the state ; and, in determining this 
question, they will have regard as well to its situa- 
tion and natural advantages, as to the genius, temper 
and habits of its citizens. 

Let us pause here for a moment, in order to ap- 
ply these principles to the subjects of Agriculture, 
Commerce, and Manufactures. None will deny that 



15 

each of these, when unshackled by fiseal regula- 
tions, is an important and productive source of na- 
tional wealth, and deserves a suitable patronage— 
They mutually assist each other, have an interest in 
each other's prosperity, and neither ought to be sac- 
rificed or depressed to accelerate the growth of anoth- 
er. Indeed, Manufactures are almost as necessary 
to the comfort, convenience and happiness of man, 
as agriculture. But it is not by such comparisons 
that we can ascertain the true value of either, as it 
respects ourselves. The true question is, in which 
of these employments, having a regard to our situa- 
tion, can the labour of our citizens be most profit- 
ably engaged ? If a person, by a given amount of 
manual labour, when employed in the cultivation of 
the soil, is enabled, by exchanging its products, to 
procure a larger and better supply of manufactured 
articles, which he may want, than he could have 
fabricated by the same labour, surely he would be 
unwise to become his own artificer, instead of mak- 
ing an exchange of commodities with his neighbour, 
which might be mutually beneficial. And if a sys- 
tem of measures should be adopted by a State, hav- 
ing for its object the encouragement of Domestick 
Manufactures, at the expense of Agriculture and 
Commerce ; if the effect of such system should be a 
diversion of the whole labour of the community into 
new channels ; and if it should prove less produc- 
tive than when left to its own direction, there would 
evidently be a positive loss, which would sufficient- 
ly prove the system to be unwise, unless its injuri- 
ous effects should be countervailed by others of a. 
favourable character. 



16 

While, then, there are nations, who, in conse- 
quence of the density of their population, or the 
barrenness of their lands, are under the necessity of 
devoting themselves to Manufactures, and can fur- 
nish the various articles of their labour at a less 
price than could be afforded by our own artificers ; 
while they are in want of the products of our soil, 
and are willing to exchange with us on reasonable 
terms, we may enjoy, by the aid of Commerce, the 
principal benefits of manufacturing establishments, 
without experiencing their concomitant evils. The 
profits, also, which our merchants would derive, 
from becoming instruments to effect the exchange, 
would perhaps exceed those of the farmer or man- 
ufacturer, and furnish, at the same time, no incon- 
siderable portion of the publick revenue. But if 
this exchange should be interdicted by protecting 
duties, or other expedients, for the purpose of en- 
couraging Domestick Manufactures, the measure 
would operate as an odious tax upon other branches 
of industry for the benefit of the favoured class ; 
and in this way all the mischiefs of monopolies 
would be realized, a valuable portion of the com- 
munity would be deprived of a lucrative employ- 
ment, the publick revenue would be diminished, 
and national prosperity would be swallowed up in a 
distorted system of unequal and unnatural regula- 
tions. 

Other considerations, however, may be urged in 
favour of Domestick Manufactures, of sufficient 
moment, perhaps, in the minds of some, to place 
the subject on higher ground than it occupies at 
the present time. It might be contended that by 



17 

multiplying and diversifying the objects of labour, 
so as to adapt and accommodate them to the variety 
of talent and skill which exists among every people, 
the sphere of human action would be enlarged, and 
the springs of invention and enterprize invigorated. 
We might be reminded, also, that the fertilizing 
current of foreign commerce does not always flow 
equally ; but that it is liable to be obstructed and 
turned aside by the fluctuating and discordant coun- 
cils of those with whom it is pursued, and by the ac- 
cidents and commotions to which they are peculiar- 
ly exposed, both as to their internal police and ex- 
ternal relations ; and that if we depend on them for 
our necessary .supply of manufactured articles, we 
may become the dupes of a capricious policy, and 
participate in those evils and embarrassments which 
interrupt their peace and threaten their safety. 

To avoid such an unpropitious state of things, 
to render ourselves independent of the smiles or 
frowns of foreign nations, and to separate our desti- 
nies from theirs, it might be deemed prudent to en- 
courage domestick fabricks to a certain extent, and 
not be governed by the maxim, that " sufficient un- 
to the day is the evil thereof." On the other hand, 
it cannot be doubted that we ought to be still more 
vigilant in avoiding the necessity of resorting to 
foreign nations for agricultural products, bearing 
in mind that the soil is the natural reservoir of 
our prosperity. The wayward policy of neglecting 
Agriculture for Manufactures, in our present con- 
dition, could only proceed from the wildest theories 
of the most distempered imagination. It would 

a 



18 

violate the clearest principles of political economy, 
and be a miserable perversion of our faculties in 
the application of means for the accomplishment 
of ends* It would be no better than an attempt to 
change the laws of nature, and to obtain her pro- 
ductions from other sources than those which 
were originally designed to yield them. Such a 
measure could no more consist with Wisdom and 
sound policy, than the cultivation of cocoa-nuts and 
pine-apples by factitious heat, that we might send 
them to the torrid zone, and there exchange them 
for ship-timber, when our own forests will fur- 
nish an abundance of that article of a much superi- 
our quality ; and, by pursuing such delusions, we 
should be as well deserving a diploma from the 
academy of Lagado, as those who should spend 
their lives in making experiments for the purpose of 
discovering a mode to raise melons from acorns, to 
extract sunbeams from cucumbers, or to calcine ice 
into gunpowder. 

Admitting, therefore, the wisdom of that policy, 
which, by a considerable sacrifice of present advan- 
tages, guards against remotely probable or even pos- 
sible evils, there can be no hazard in the assertion 
that so long as our commercial intercourse with 
Great-Britain, and other foreign nations, is free and 
unrestricted, and so long as trade is conducted upon 
equal and liberal principles, our interest cannot be 
advanced by a forced growth of Domestick Manu- 
factures, to be supported and kept alive by the arti- 
ficial aids of government. 

In comparing our situation with that of Great- 
Britain, and other manufacturing nations, we shall 



19 

readily perceive the causes of their superiority over 
us in the various arts of manual occupation. When- 
ever any territory becomes so crowded with inhab- 
itants as to be capable of furnishing more labour 
than is required for a profitable cultivation of the 
soil, the excess will necessarily be pressed into oth- 
er employments. It is the case with every country 
where manufactures flourish, that the arts of hus- 
bandry have led the way to excellence, and absorb- 
ed the first portion of the labour and enterprize of the 
people. But here, our citizens may yet find ample 
employment in tilling the ground. Immense tracts 
of fertile country, sufficient for the foundation of 
mighty States and Empires, are yet to be reclaimed 
from the pristine inhabitants of the wilderness ; and 
even where we now behold the incense of industry 
and refinement ascending from our towns and'cities, 
and proclaiming our rapid and majestick march to 
a high station among the most powerful nations of 
the earth, the soil has been but partially cultivated, 
and refuses to yield that abundance, with which its 
natural exuberance promises to requite the increas- 
ed labour of the husbandman. Here we have no re- 
dundancy of population to crowd into the demoral- 
izing work-shops of manufacturers, to export to 
other countries, or to force into foreign wars, in or- 
der to make room for the remainder. Here the fruit 
of honest industry is not wrung from the peasant by 
the tyrannical hand of government, to pamper the 
luxury of placemen, pensioners and hereditary no- 
blemen. Here are no sinecures, standing armies, 
nor an irreducible and discouraging national debt, 
to drain his garners and to devour his substance: 



20 

he is not oppressed with burdens heavier than he 
can bear, in the shape of rents, taxes, subsidies, ex- 
actions and tythes ; but he is protected in his prop- 
erty, his privileges, his liberty, and his life, by mild 
and equal laws, framed and administered by men 
selected for their wisdom, intelligence and integrity, 
and whose interests are identified with his. Under 
such a government, with the additional blessings of 
a salubrious climate and luxuriant soil, truly it may 
be said that <c our lines have fallen to us in pleasant 
places, and that we have a goodly heritage." 

While contemplating the signal blessings which 
the bountiful hand of Providence has distributed in 
such profusion, among all the members of this ex- 
tensive Republick, a laudable pride will prompt us, 
without losing sight of the fundamental principles 
whichvjunite and bind together the interests of the 
whole, to take a nearer view of the local advantages 
of our own Commonwealth. Equally removed 
from the enervating influence of a tropical sun, 
and from the stupifying blasts of a frigid zone, our 
situation presents sufficient difficulties to be sur- 
mounted to render exertion necessary, without ex- 
tinguishing the hope of success in our undertakings. 
Great schemes are never projected where no obsta- 
cles exist to theiraccomplishment, nor illustrious ac- 
tions achieved where there is no resistance or opposi- 
tion to be encountered ; and where nature has been so 
lavish of her gifts as to leave nothing to be supplied 
by artificial means, we neither find inclination for 
the one, nor resolution for the other. It is there- 
fore that the rocks anG^'oaks of New- England are 
more favourable to genius and enterprize, than the 



k/2 



21 

spontaneous and delicious productions of a more 
feasible and luxuriant soil, and of a more ardent and 
indulgent climate. 

It was not because that Massachusetts had more 
at stake or more to gain than any other member of 
the Union, that she took the lead in the arduous con- 
test for liberty and independence — that she sustained 
the heaviest burdens of that unequal conflict, and 
poured out her blood and treasure, in liberal profu- 
sion, for the common good of the nation. The high 
advances she has made in Agriculture, Commerce and 
Manufactures, and her persevering and successful 
efforts in all the pursuits of a free and moral people, 
do not wholly arise from any adventitious circum- 
stances of interest, education or superiour means. 
The cause of these distinguishing traits in her char- 
acter may be found as well in the qualities of her soil 
and climate, as in the elements of her civil and re- 
ligious institutions. Esteeming that as the most fa- 
vourable situation which produces such signal ef- 
fects upon national character, and taking into con- 
sideration our excellent political institutions, which 
aid the happy influences of our climate, we have no 
reason to repine at our lot, or to suppose that any 
other State combines greater physical and moral ad- 
vantages than our own. 

If we may be permitted to descend to a more mi- 
nute observation of territorial divisions, it is believ- 
ed that the County of Worcester will suffer nothing 
by a comparison with any other similar section of 
the Commonwealth. One who is familiarly ac- 
quainted with the character of different portions of 
the State for agriculture, industry and good morals, 



22 

whose intelligence and discernment enable him to 
decide with accuracy upon the comparative merits 
of each, and whose high official standing will give 
authority and sanction to his remarks, has pronounc- 
ed this County to be " the heart of Massachusetts." 
The appellation implies a distinction and honour, 
which, if deserved, we are bound to maintain by a 
faithful and diligent improvement of those advanta- 
ges, which have raised us to the proud eminence 
we now occupy, and upon a proper use of which 
essentially depends the prosperity of the whole body 
politick. 

It is no trivial subject of gratulation that this 
Commonwealth is exempt, as a State, from that 
destructive moral evil, which pervades and over- 
whelms a large portion of our Republick ; and that 
here the soil is cultivated by the hands of a freeborn, 
independent yeomanry, who appreciate so highly 
their own liberties that they disdain to hold others 
in bondage. Here rural labour is reproachful to 
none, but honourable to all ; and the fruits of the 
earth are not rendered the less salutary and pleasant 
to the taste, because they are not reared by the re- 
luctant toil, and moistened by the bitter tears of 
slaves. No wonder, indeed, it should seem an inex- 
plicable paradox to some, that those who have recent- 
ly delivered themselves from colonial subjugation, 
and who feel so sensibly the value of liberty and the 
right of self-government, should still withhold these 
invaluable privileges from others, and wish to sub- 
ject them to a servitude incomparably more abject 
than was attempted to be imposed on themselves. 
Our inconsistency in this respect is rendered the 



23 

more striking by a deliberate proclamation, to the 
world and to Heaven, of the principles by which we 
were influenced in our struggle for independence, 
and by which we must have been understood as 
promising to be governed in our intercourse with 
other nations. This solemn manifesto commences 
with a formal declaration of these self-evident truths, 
" that all men are created free and equal ; that they 
are endowed by their Creator with certain unaliena- 
ble rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the 
pursuit of happiness ;" and yet, strange as it may 
seem, we attempt to justify ourselves in violating 
these fundamental principles of our nature, and 
persist in depriving multitudes of human beings 
of rights which we acknowledge to be unaliena- 
ble ! What will be the ultimate effect of the con- 
tinuance and extension of a practice so repugnant 
to our professions, and so incompatible with the 
unchangeable principles of righteousness, is only 
known to Him, who will retribute nations, as well 
as individuals, for every unatoned violation of his 
law. We cannot but fervently pray that He will 
avert from us the judgments which He visited upon 
His chosen people for a similar offence, as foretold 
by their prophet. — •* Therefore, saith the Lord, ye 
have not hearkened unto me, in proclaiming liberty, 
every one to his brother, and every man to his neigh- 
bour ; behold I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the 
Lord — to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the 
famine ; and I will make you to be removed into all 
the kingdoms of the earth ; and I will give the men 
that have transgressed my covenant, who have not 
performed the words of my covenant which they 



24 

made before me, I will even give them into the 
hands of their enemies, and into the hands of them 
that seek their life ; and their dead bodies shall be 
for meat unto the fowls of heaven, and to the beasts 
of the earth." 

But whatever may be the disasters, if any, reserv- 
ed for this people, as a punishment for their syste- 
matick violation of the rights of man, it is by no 
means difficult to calculate, with sufficient accuracy, 
the pernicious effects of that system of injustice 
and oppression, to satisfy ourselves of the expedien- 
cy of discarding it from our political institutions. 
Pride, sensuality and sloth are apt to characterize 
those who hold others in slavery ; and from these 
is suspended a long chain of causes and effects, 
which terminates in consequences the more afflic- 
tive and deplorable, because they might have been 
foreseen and avoided. On the other hand, indus- 
try, justice and philanthropy carry with them the 
recompense of a healthful body and a peaceful 
mind. " The sleep of the labouring man is sweet ; 
and he that tilleth the land shall have plenty of 
bread, and his wealth shall increase : but riches 
gotten by vanity or oppression will not permit 
their possessor to taste repose, nor will they save 
him from poverty and distress." If contentment 
and happiness dwell any where in this world of sin 
and sorrow, they may be found in the cottage of 
the honest, industrious farmer. Remote from the 
bustle, pageantry and allurements of cities and 
courts — unacquainted with the vain amusements and 
enervating pleasures of the voluptuary, and exempt 
from the tormenting cares and feverish anxieties 



25 

which are engendered by schemes of aspiring am- 
bition, he can view the common scenes of life with 
tranquillity and cheerfulness, and envies not the 
condition of those who are found basking in the 
sunshine of affluence, or delight to sport upon the 
giddy current of popular applause. 

Rural occupations, also, lead to a familiar con- 
templation of nature's works, and are favourable to 
religious meditation ; for in the germination of ev- 
ery seed may be seen the wisdom and power of 
God, and his beneficent hand in the growth of ev- 
ery plant. By these the mind is taught to adore 
Him as the fountain of all life and being, and the 
heart is swelled with gratitude for all his gifts. 

Let us, then, diligently improve, and not abuse 
the advantages and opportunities with which we are 
favoured above all other nations— let us be just and 
merciful to all men ; and let us " return every man 
from his evil way, and amend his doings, and we 
shall dwell in the land, and eat the fruit thereof, 
which the Lord hath given to us and to our fathers 
forever and ever." 



4 



w» 



CATTLE SHOW 

AND 

EXHIBITION OF MANUFACTURES. 



ON Thursday, the 12th of October, 1820, the Agricultural 
Society of the County of Worcester held their second Anni- 
versary Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, and Exhibition of Man- 
ufactures. It was another u proud day for the County." 

The interest excited on a former occasion was attributed by 
some to the noyelty of the spectacle ; and it was apprehend- 
ed that when curiosity had been satisfied, the scene would lose 
its attractions ; emulation, and, consequently, competition 
would cease ; and the whole degenerate into a lifeless cere- 
mony, leaving no lasting impressions, andprodncing none of the 
effects for which the Institution was designed. Far different 
has been the result. A livelier interest has pervaded and an- 
imated all parts of the County and all classes of the people. 
The spirit of improvement, which last year had begun, like the 
rising sun, to " crown our hill-tops and cheer our vallies," is 
now diffusing light and heat over the whole face of the land, 
and every heart is made glad by its renovating influences. 

The Examination of Manufactures, by the respective Com- 
mittees appointed for that purpose, took place on the day pre- 
ceding the Publick Exhibition ; and, by the rules announced 
by the Trustees, entry was to be made before 10 o'clock, 
A. M. on the day of the Examination. The inclemency of the 
weather for several previous days was unpropitious to this in- 
teresting part of the Show, inasmuch as it is thought to have 
prevented many delicate fabricks, and some large quantities 
of goods of a coarser texture, from being brought from a dis- 
tance. The Exhibition however, was, upon the whole, sat- 
isfactory. The deficiency in variety and quantity of some of 
the articles was supplied by the excellence of the specimens 
offered for inspection. The Manufactures were exhibited to 
publick view during the succeeding day, and afforded much 



28 

gratification to numerous visitors. They occupied two rooms 
in a building belonging to the Hon. Levi Lincoln, in the cen- 
tre of the main street, which were gratuitously appropriated 
by him for this purpose. 

The weather was favourable on the 12th, and the town was 
thronged with people at an early hour in the morning. The 
previous arrangements for the accommodation of Stock of all 
kinds, were on an extensive scale ; yet the number of entries 
so far exceeded anticipation, that it was found necessary to 
put many more animals into one pen (where it was practica- 
ble with safety) than was originally designed. The number 
of pens erected last year was less than 70 ; this year 88 were 
erected, and they were filled to overflowing. Beside which, 
30 posts were provided for Working Oxen, and a spacious yard 
for Horses, all of which were occupied nearly to their full ex- 
tent. By the certificate of Mr. William D, Wheeler, the As- 
sistant Recording Secretary, it appears that the number of 
animals entered (exclusive of eighteen yokes of Oxen from 
Sutton, not exhibited for premiums, and also exclusive of those 
entered for the Ploughing Match alone,) were three hundred 
and twenty ; of which one hundred and sixty-six were Neat 
Cattle and Horses, and one hundred and fifty were Sheep and 
Swine. A great proportion of the animals was pronounced 
by competent judges to be of the first order. The pressure 
of business upon the time of the Officers of the Society and 
the various Committees was great ; and the manner in which 
it was all dispatched with so much regularity, and without 
hurry or confusion, in the space of a few hours, was a striking 
proof how much depends upon promptness and punctuality in 
the execution of publick arrangements, as well as in the de- 
tails of private life. 

The Ploughing Match introduced the performances of the 
day. In a few minutes after 9 o'clock, A. M. nine Ploughs, 
each drawn by one yoke of Oxen, with a Ploughman, who was 
also the driver, were on the field. The ground had been 
previously marked into lots, each containing -|th of an acre of 
land, 10 rods in length, by two rods in width. The soil was, 
a stiff loam mixed with clay, and covered with a tough sward, 
which had been improved for mowing many years. 



29 

About 1 1 o'clock the Society moved In procession to the 
South Meeting-House, where the publick services were open- 
ed by a pertinent Prayer from the Rev. Micah Stone, of Brook- 
field. An appropriate Address was pronounced by the Hon. 
Lewis Bigelow, of Petersham. The names of the various 
Committees on Stock, &c. were then announced; after which, 
the procession made a circuit of the Pens, took a view of the 
animals which they inclosed, and was dismissed in the area 
between the Pens. The Committees then proceeded to exe- 
cute the duties of their appointment. At half past 2 o'clock 
a procession was formed for Dinner, which was provided at 
the Hotel of Mr. Eager. 

At 5 o'clock the Trustees assembled in the Meeting-House, 
and, in presence of a great number of their fellow-citizens, 
the several Committees made their Reports. 

The Committee on Neat Stock and Swine consisted of Hon. 

Silas Holman, of Bolton, Chairman ; Mr. Oliver Munroe, of 

Northborough, Nathaniel Jones, Esq. of Barre, Capt. Joseph 

W. Hamilton, of Brookfield, and Mr. John Temple, of West- 

Boylston. — The Committee recommended the following Pre* 

miums : — 

To Cheney Reed, Esq. of Brooklield, for the best Bull, not less 

than one year old, ----- $10:00 

To Mr. Eli Stearns, of Lancaster, for the next best Bull, 7 : 00 

To Col. Andrew Smith, of Rutland, for the best Bull Calf, 

from four to twelve months old, - - - 5 : 00 

To Jotham Bush, Esq. of Boylston, for the next best, - 3 : 00 

To Mr. Job Ranger, of New-Braintree, for the best Milch Cow, 

not less than three years old, - - - 10 : 00 

To Ward Nicholas Boylston, Esq. of Princeton, for the next best, 7 : 00 
To Col. Andrew Smith, of Rutland, for the next best, - 5 : 00 

To Stephen Williams, Esq. of Northborough, for the best Heif- 
er, from one to three years old, with or without Calf, 5 : 00 
To Mr. Asa Rice, jr. of Shrewsbury, for the next best, 3 : 00 
To the same gentleman, for the best Heifer Calf, from four to 

twelve months old, - - - - - 4 : 00 

To Mr. Paul Dudley, of Douglas, for the next best, - 2 : 00 

To Capt. Lewis Barnard, of Worcester, for the best Ox, fitted 

for slaughter, - - - - ~ 10:00 

To Mr. John Rich, of Sutton, for the next best, - 7:00 

To the same gentleman, for the next best, - - 5:00 

To Messrs. Abel and Jonas Chase, of Millbury, for the best 
pair of four years old Steers, broken to the yoke, and kept for 
labour, - - - - - - 10:00 

To Col. Seth Wyman, of Shrewsbury, for the best pair of 

Steers, three years old, broken to the yoke, - 8:00 



30 

To Thomas W. Ward, Esq. of Shrewsbury, for the best pair of 

Steers, from one to three years old, broken or unbroken, $7:00 
To Mr. Asa Cummins, of Sutton, for the next best, - 5 : 00 

To Mr. Nathaniel Dodge, of Sutton, for the next best, - 3 : 00 

To Mr. Lyman Warren, of Westborough, for the best Boar, 

not exceeding two years, and not less than six months old, 5 : 00 

To Jonathan Davis, jr. Esq. of Oxford, for the next best, 3 : QQ 

To Mr. Jacob Hinds, of W. Boylston, for the best breeding Sow, 3 : 00 

To Mr. Simon Gates, of Worcester, for the best weaned Pigs, 

not less than three in number, of the same litter, and at least 

four months old, - - - - - 3:00 

The Committee ^Working Oxen consisted of Gen. Salem 
Town, jr. of Charlton, Chairman ; Col. Stephen Hastings, of 
Sterling, and Maj. Alpheus Baylies, of Uxbridge. — This Com- 
mittee recommended the following Premiums : — 
To Mr. Jabez Brighara, of Worcester, the first premium of 15 :00 

To Mr. Alanson Bates, of Dudley, the second do. - 10:00 

To Col. Daniel Clap, of Worcester, the third do. - - 8:00 

To Salmon Hathaway, of Grafton, the fourth do. 6 : 00 

To Mr. Silas Dudley, of Sutton, the fifth do. - - - 5 : 00 

The Committee on Merino, Mixed, and Native Sheep con- 
sisted of Bezaleel Taft, jr. Esq. Chairman ; Col. James Wild- 
er, of Sterling, and Mr. James Wolcott, of Southbridge. — The 
Committee recommended the following Premiums : — 
To the Hon. Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, for the best Merino P«.am, 7 : 00 
To Mr. Ezra Bigelow, of West-Boylston, for the next best, 5 : 00 

To the Hon. Aaron Tufts, of Dudley, for the best lot of Merino 

Ewes, - - - - - 10:00 

To Mrs. Martha Lincoln, of Worcester, for the next best, 5 : 00 

To the Hon. Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, for the best lot of 

Merino Wethers, - - - - - 4:00 

To Mr. Moses Howe, of Rutland, for the best Native Ram, 3 : 00 

To Mr. Nathaniel Gates, of Worcester, for the next best, 2:00 

To Mr. Joseph Patch, of Worcester, for the best lot of native 

Ewes, - . - - - - 6:00 

To Mr. Lovett Peters, of Westborough, for the best lot of 

Mixed Sheep, - - - - 5 : 00 

The Committee on Horses consisted of Hon. Thomas H. 
Blood, of Sterling, Alexander Dustin, Esq. of Westminster, 
and William Eaton, Esq. of Worcester. —This Committee rec- 
ommended that Premiums be given 
To Mr. Lewis McNear, of Petersham, for the best Stud Horse, 

of four years old, - - - - 15 : 00 

To Mr. Elisha. Sumner, of Rutland, for the best Mare, of four 

years old, - - - 7:00 

To Mr. Archelaus Thomas, of Western, for the next best, 5 : 00 

The Committee on the Ploughing Match consisted of Hon. 
Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, Chairman j Col. William Eager, 



4/2 

31 

of Northborough, Mr. John Batchellor, of Grafton, and Gen. 
Jonathan Davis, of Oxford. — The Committee adjudged 

To Silas Dudley, of Sutton, the First Premium of Ten Dollars for the 

Plough, and Five Dollars to the Ploughman. 
To Rufus Porter, of Worcester, the Second Premium of Eight Dollars 

for the Plough, and Four Dollars to the Ploughman. 
To Jabez Brigham, of Worcester, the Third Premium of Six Dollars 

for the Plough, and Three Dollars to the Ploughman. 
To Simon Plimpton, of West-Boylston, the Fourth Premium of Four 

Dollars for the Plough, and Two Dollars to the Ploughman. 

The Committee on Cotton, Woollen and Linen Cloths con- 
sisted of Hon. Aaron Tufts, of Dudley, Chairman ; Mr. Sam- 
uel Plant, of Lancaster, Esek Pitts, Esq. of Mendon, Capt. 
Cyrus Gale, of Northborough, and Capt. Charles Parkman, 
of Westborough. — They recommended the following Premi- 
ums: — 

To Asa Goodell & Co. of Millbury, for the best Broadcloth, $10 : 00 
To the North-Brookfield Manufacturing Company, for the 

next best, - - - - 6 : 00 

To the Wolcott Manufacturing Company of Southbridge, for 

the best Kerseymere, - - - 6 : 00 

To the same Company, for the best Sattinett, 5 . 00 

To Mr. Lovett Peters, of Westborough, for the best Household 

Cloth, - - - - 8:00 

To Capt. Samuel Dadman, of Rutland, for another excellent 

piece, - - - - 4: 00 

To Mr. Payson Williams, of Fitchburg, for the best Coating, 6 : 00 

To Mrs. Martha Lincoln, of Worcester, for the best Flannel, 6 :00 

To Mr. Payson Williams, of Fitchburg, for a fine piece of 

Flannel, -' - - - 3:00 

To Col. Nymphas Pratt, of Shrewsbury, for the best | Carpet- 
ting, - - - 5:00 
To Mr. Gideon Delano, of New-Braintree, for the best 4-4 do. 8:00 
To John Clark, Esq. of Ward, for the best Woollen Coverlid, 4 : 00 
To Miss Elizabeth Denny, of Worcester, for an elegant Hearth 

Rug, - - - - - . 3:00 

To William Denny, of Spencer, for the best Socks, 2 : 00 

To John Slater & Co. of West-Boylston, for the best Cotton 

Bleached Shirting, - - - - 3:00 

To Simeon Draper, Esq. of Brookfield, for the best Linen Dia- 
per, - - - - - 4:00 

The Committee on all other articles of Domestick and 

Household Manufacture consisted of Nathaniel P. Denny, Esq. 

of Leicester, Chairman ;,. Joseph Bowman, Jun. Esq. of Neiy- 

Braintrec, and Col. Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton. — The 

Committee recommended Premiums as follows :— 

To Col. Stephen Hastings, of Sterling, for the best Butter, not 

less than 50 lbs. - - - - 5:00 

To Dea. Isaac Davis, of Northborough, for the next best, 4 : 00 



to 

To Mr. Job Ranger, of New-Braintree, for the third best, $3 : Ot 

To the same gentleman, for the best Cheese, not less than 100 

lbs. in quantity, - • - - 5 : 00 

To Mr. Elisha Matthews, of New-Braintree, for the next best, 4:00 
To Mr. William Tufts, do. for the third best, 3 : 00 

To Col. Joseph Davis, of Northborough, for the best Sole 

Leather, - - - - 5:00 

To Mr. Francis Davis, of West-Boylston, for the next best, 3 : 00 

To Col. Nymphas Pratt, of Shrewsbury, for the best Manufac- 
tured Calf-Skins, - - - 5:00 
To Mr. Reuben Wheeler, of Worcester, for 27 nice Skins of 

Morocco Leather, - - - - 7 : 00 

To Maj. Lemuel Healey, of Dudley, for 2 lbs. of strong, well 

coloured, and beautiful Sewing Silk, - - - 3:00 

To Miss M. Prentiss, of Petersham, for a Bonnet, equal to the 
most beautiful Leghorn, - - - 5:00 

The "Reports of the various Committees were accepted, 
and the Premiums recommended were awarded by the Trus- 
tees. 

The Committee on Agricultural Improvements and Expert 
ments, and Original Inventions, consisting of Stephen Williams, 
Esq. of Northborough, Chairman ; Gen. Thomas Chamber- 
lain, of Worcester, Mr. Charles Leland, of Grafton, Mr. Lov- 
ett Peters, of Westborough, and Joel Crosby, Esq. of Leom- 
inster — met on the 1st of December, and recommended the 
following Premiums : — 

To Payson Williams, Esq. of Fitchburg, for the greatest quan- 
tity of Potatoes on an acre of ground* being 614 bushels, 6 :00 
To Joshua Richardson, of Templeton, for the best sample of 

Potatoes raised from seed-balls. 5 : 00 

The Society was honoured by the attendance of a delega- 
tion from the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, consisting of 
Gorham Parsons, Esq. Elias H. Derby, Esq. and Hon. Richard 
Sullivan. 

The most remarkable regularity prevailed; and we think 
that in no part of the country could such a multitude of people 
be congregated with less confusion, disorder or indecorum. 
The Founders and Patrons of the Worcester County Agricul- 
tural Society have every reason for congratulation in the em- 
inent success which has crowned their exertions. Where is 
the individual who now doubts that the tendency of this Insti- 
tution iB as beneficial as its purposes are pure and patriotick? 



4'/4 



OFFICERS 

OP THE 

WORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 

ELECTED APRIL, 1820. 

Hon. DANIEL WALDO, President. 

Thomas W. Ward, Esq. ) ^p^ 
bTEPHEN Williams, Lsq. ^ 

Theophilus Wheeler, Esq. Treasurer. 

Hon. Levi Lincoln, Corresponding Secretary. 

Edward D. Bangs, Esq. Recording Secretary. 

TRUSTEES. 

Hon. Jonas Kendall, Leomin- J Col. Jotham Bush, Boylston. 

ster. I Mr. Lovett Peters, Westboro' 1 . 
Col. Henry Penniman, New- \ Seth Lee, Esq. Barre. 

Braintree. \ Nathaniel P. Denny, Esq, Lei- 
Hon. Seth Hastings, Mendon. ? cester. 

Hon. Oliver Fiske, Worcester. \ Jacob Fisher, Esq. Lancaster. 
Col. Reuben Sikes, do. 5 Perley Hunt, Esq. Milford. 
Mr. Benjamin Thaxter, do. I William Eager, Esq. NorthboroP. 
Gen. Thomas Chamberlain, do. \ Simeon Draper, Esq. Brookfield. 
Capt. Lewis Barnard, do. 5 Seth Field, Esq. do. 

Hon. Silas Holman, Bolton. I Daniel Tenney, Esq. Sutton. 
Hon. Stephen P. Gardner, do. j Lemuel Davis, Esq. Holden. 
Hon. Aaron Tufts, Dudley. 5 Aaron Peirce, Esq. Millbury. 

Gen. Jonathan Davis, Oxford. J Adolphus Spring, Esq. Northr 
Gen. Salem Town, jun. Charl- \ bridge, 

ton. 5 Nathaniel Crocker, Esq. Pax- 
Bezaleel Taft, jun. Esq. Ux- J ton. 

bridge. I Ward N. Bojdston, Esq. Prince- 
lion. Thomas H. Blood, Ster- \ ton. 

ling. I Zadock Gates, Esq. Rutland. 
Hon.LewisBigelow, Petersham. \ Hon. Jonathan Russell, Mendon. 
Mr. John Warren, Grafton. I Nathaniel Jones, Esq. Barre. 
Jonathan Wheeler, Esq. do. * Joseph Estabrook, Esq. Royal- 
Mr John Batcheller, do. \ ston,. 

5 



NAMES 



Of Members -who have been admitted since the last publication, 
together with a few then accidentally omitted. 



Nahum Andrews. 
Daniel Williams. 
Elijah Holman. 
Horace Warner. 
Benja. Read, Worcester. 
Luke Aldrich, jr. 
Samuel Stowell. 
Daniel Bellows. 
Augustus Emerson. 
Jerome Gardner. 
John Pond. 
Denison Robinson. 
Moses Smith. 



Jonathan Wilder. 
Charles E. Knight. 
Caleb Lincoln. 
Joel Wilder. 
Matthew Wood. 
Benja. Read, Templeton. 
Rev. Reuben Holcomb. 
John Slater. 
Algernon S. Foster. 
Jedediah Estabrook. 
William Lincoln. 
Skelton Felton. 
Alpheus Freeman. 



Nathaniel Gates. 
Simon Plympton, 
Darius Putnam. 
Silaw Jones. 
Ebenezer Gates. 
Nahum Nurse. 
Samuel Graves. 
Leonard W. Stowell. 
John B. Nye. 
Joseph Green. 
George Day. 
Samuel Henry. 
Joshua Richardson- 



ljl& 



